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Biomass Gasification Technology

Boiler Fuel and Co-Firing

Core Objectives

Biomass gasification technology is a thermochemical process that converts biomass (such as agricultural and forestry waste, straw, wood chips, rice husks, etc.) into combustible gas (syngas).

The fundamental goal of this technology is to transform low-grade, dispersed solid biomass energy into high-grade, easily transportable and utilizable gas fuel or chemical raw materials, thereby achieving efficient energy and resource utilization of biomass resources.

Core Principle

The core principle of this technology lies in precisely controlling the supply of gasification agents (such as air, steam) to trigger a series of complex thermochemical reactions in biomass under high-temperature conditions (typically 700-1200°C). The key difference between this process and complete combustion is that it occurs under oxygen-deficient or limited oxygen conditions, thus avoiding the complete release of biomass energy and converting it into syngas rich in chemical energy. From the perspective of energy conversion, this technology transforms the chemical energy in biomass into the chemical energy in syngas, achieving the transformation of energy form and upgrading of energy grade.

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Multi-stage mechanism of gasification reaction process

The biomass gasification process is not a single chemical reaction, but a combination of a series of continuous or interrelated thermochemical stages.
 There are no strict physical boundaries between these stages, but they are roughly divided according to the dominant reaction type and temperature 
range. The main reaction stages include:

Reaction Process

Drying process

Pyrolysis process

Oxidation/
reduction reaction

Product generation

1

Stage 1: Drying Process

Drying occurs at 20–200 °C and removes moisture from biomass feedstock. This step is essential for efficient pyrolysis and gasification, as excess moisture consumes heat and lowers reaction temperatures. For high-moisture feedstocks, drying can account for a significant portion of total energy consumption.

2

Stage 2: Pyrolysis process

Pyrolysis takes place at 200–800 °C under low-oxygen conditions, decomposing biomass into gases, tar, and char. Products include combustible gases (CO, H₂, CH₄) and non-combustible components (CO₂, H₂O). Product distribution depends on temperature, heating rate, and feedstock, with higher temperatures favoring gas production.

3

Stage 3: Oxidation/reduction reaction

This core stage determines syngas quality and consists of:

￭   Oxidation (800–1100 °C): Oxygen reacts with char and volatiles to produce CO₂ and heat, sustaining high temperatures for the process.
￭   Reduction (600–800 °C): Char reacts with steam and CO₂ to form CO, H₂, and CH₄ through endothermic reactions, directly influencing syngas composition and calorific value.

4

Stage 4: Product generation

The final products of the gasification process mainly include:

Synthesis gas: The main components are CO, H₂, CH₄, CO₂, N₂ (when gasified using air), and a small amount of other hydrocarbons;

Ash content: unreacted inorganic matter in biomass;

Tar: a complex mixture of organic compounds, which is a key issue to be addressed during the gasification process.

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